Comparative Analysis of the Erosive Effects of Carbonated and Energy Drinks on Dental Enamel

Abstract

Background: The global consumption of soft and energy drinks has increased markedly, especially among younger individuals. These beverages adversely affect general health and also contribute significantly to dental enamel erosion due to their high acidity.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the surface-level erosive effects of Coca-Cola^®, Pepsi^®, Sting^®, and Red Bull^® on dental enamel using Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Materials and Methods: An in-vitro experimental study was conducted on forty extracted human third molars at Sardar Begum Dental College, Gandhara University, Peshawar. The samples were divided into four groups (n=10), each immersed in one of four beverages: Coca-Cola^®, Pepsi^®, Sting^®, and Red Bull^®. The pH of each drink was measured using a pH meter. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained before and after immersion to observe surface enamel changes. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 23) with Tests of Normality and Fisher’s Exact Test to evaluate erosive effects.

Results: All the teeth showed normal appearing enamel before immersion in their respective drinks. After 10 minutes immersion, SEM images revealed varying degrees of enamel etching with a statistically significant change in the appearance of enamel (p = 0.004). Coca Cola® and Pepsi groups caused more pronounced and deeper etching patterns compared to Energy drinks.

Conclusion: Short-term exposure to acidic beverages produces significant microscopic alterations in enamel surface morphology, with Coca Cola^® and Pepsi^® causing the most pronounced etching patterns. These findings emphasize the role of acidic beverages in enamel erosion and the importance of preventive strategies for dental health.